It started with a simple observation from a colleague. She mentioned I was only the second Bengali she’d ever met, and we joked about how I looked a bit like a friend of hers from southern Russia. She asked if I was Telugu and if I had any other ancestral heritage. I mentioned that—minus the AASI (Ancient Ancestral South Indian) or the M130 gene that connects all non-African humans in a 70,000 to 80,000-year-old migration out of Africa—we probably did share some ancient, deep-rooted connections. Modern genetic research now shows that all non-African humans trace their migration roots through these ancient coastal populations in India.
That brief chat sent me down a rabbit hole. It made me reflect on the history of India, the East, and how often our global narrative is shaped by a very narrow, 20th-century Eurocentric lens.
Growing Up in a Borrowed Worldview
When people in the West think of countries like India or China today, the immediate association is often "developing," "poor," or "overpopulated"—a view firmly cemented by the textbooks and media of the 1950s through the 1980s. But what is truly fascinating is how thoroughly we, as Indians, internalized that exact same narrative.
For those of us who grew up in the 1980s, especially in cities with deep intellectual and colonial roots like Calcutta (Kolkata), we were taught a version of history where the apex of human achievement was unmistakably Western. The atmosphere of my childhood was a study in contrasts. At home, the air might have been filled with the soulful, grounding melodies of Rabindra Sangeet, anchoring us to a rich Bengali heritage. Yet, the moment we stepped into a classroom or turned on the television, the cultural and intellectual center of the universe shifted thousands of miles away.
Our school curriculum was fundamentally Eurocentric. We were taught by educators who naturally marveled at the pinnacle of wealth and power they saw in 19th- and 20th-century Europe—a time when Asia was languishing under the weight of colonization. It was considered proper, even progressive, to extol the Industrial Revolution and the European Enlightenment as the ultimate triumphs of mankind. Our history books covered the recent centuries of Northern India, dominated by Muslim rulers and the British Raj, but the deeper, older history—especially the vast, prosperous medieval empires of Southern India—was treated as a mere footnote. We were learning a history designed to make us admire the colonizers.
On a personal level, growing up in the '80s meant fully imbibing American-led popular media. As televisions became household staples, our imaginations were captured by the West. We eagerly consumed the hedonistic, flashy movies of the decade and tuned in to TV fixtures like Spider-Man, Knight Rider, or the universal teenage delight, Baywatch.
Even when we sought out serious, intellectual programming, it came entirely through a Western lens: Carl Sagan’s Cosmos or Jacob Bronowski’s The Ascent of Man. They were brilliant documentaries, but they painted a picture of human progress where Eastern influence was virtually nonexistent.
My understanding of the sciences was also deeply shaped by the dog-eared, second-hand O-Level textbooks I would buy from the legendary bookstalls of College Street. Poring over those pages certainly ignited a lifelong love for physics, chemistry, and the natural world. But once again, the foundation was entirely Eurocentric. Written in the 1960s and 70s—an era when the global narrative was firmly anchored in the West—these books presented a timeline of scientific discovery that seemed to start in Greece, go dark during the Middle Ages, and miraculously reappear in Renaissance Europe. We were taught to revere Greek philosophers and European scientists, but we were never taught that the fundamental geometric principle we know as the "Pythagorean Theorem" was actually documented centuries earlier by the Indian mathematician and priest Baudhayana in the Sulbasutras.
We grew up believing the East was a place of ancient mysticism, while the West was the sole harbor of science, logic, and progress. It took years to unlearn this and realize that history is much older, and much richer, than the last 300 years.
The Manhattan of the Bronze Age
If you want to understand the true scale of ancient Eastern civilizations, you have to look at the Indus Valley. Much of my understanding of this comes from a brilliant BBC documentary series by Michael Wood called The Story of India. Wood’s almost eulogic take on the subcontinent is so captivating because his personal fascination with India spans decades. He isn't just a historian dropping in; he is someone who has spent a lifetime awestruck by its culture. (He first documented this on film as a 32-year-old traveling across the Deccan Plateau back in 1980—more on that in the footnotes).
I have watched
As Wood explains in the episode, in 1921, the history of the world changed. Around the same time Howard Carter was uncovering Tutankhamun in Egypt, discoveries were being made in a small village in Punjab that completely rewrote the timeline of civilization.
When Sir John Marshall, Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India, announced the discovery of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro to the world in 1924, he wrote: "Not often has it been given to archaeologists, as it was given to Schliemann at Tiryns and Mycenae... to light upon the remains of a long-forgotten civilization."
While the pyramids were being built in Egypt, vast, highly organized cities existed in India. The mature Harappan civilization (2900 BC – 1900 BC) was a marvel of the ancient world. With a population of up to 5 million people spread across 2,000 towns and villages from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea, it was the largest civilization of its time. These were the Manhattans of the Bronze Age. They were traders who sailed from the Persian Gulf to Iraq, carrying ivory, teak, and lapis lazuli.
The Climate Collapse and New Arrivals
So, why did this massive civilization vanish? The documentary dives into a fascinating revelation: it wasn't necessarily wiped out by war; it was likely one of the first major human catastrophes driven by ecological collapse.
Millions of years ago, the Indian tectonic plate, once floating in the Tethys Sea, rammed into Asia to create the Himalayas. The rivers born from these mountains sustained life. However, recent geological and climate studies—such as those by sedimentologist Dr. Sanjeev Gupta of Imperial College London, featured in the series—reveal that the rivers sustaining many of these ancient towns actually dried up or changed course long before the cities peaked. The civilization was heavily dependent on monsoon rainfall, and a steady, centuries-long weakening of the monsoon system and successive extreme droughts forced populations to gradually abandon these massive urban centers.
This same climatic shift that caused the slow demise of the Indus Valley also set the stage for new arrivals. Just as the rivers were drying up in the Indian subcontinent, a massive climate shift was also making the steppes of Central Asia increasingly arid. This forced nomadic, cattle-herding tribes—often referred to as the Indo-Aryans—to migrate southward into India.
They didn't just bring horses and chariots; they brought a rich oral tradition of hymns and verses that would eventually be codified as the Rig Veda, sung in an early form of Sanskrit.
Centuries later, in 1784, when the British scholar Sir William Jones founded the Asiatic Society in Calcutta, he made a staggering linguistic discovery. By studying ancient texts, Jones realized that Sanskrit shared undeniable grammatical structures and root words with Greek and Latin (for example, the Sanskrit word matar, the Latin mater, and the English mother). He concluded that they all sprang from a common, ancestral source language born somewhere in Central Asia or the Caucasus.
But what of the original builders of the Indus Valley? While the incoming Aryans brought Sanskrit to the north, the undeciphered language of the Harappan civilization did not disappear entirely. Scholars and linguists increasingly believe that the Indus Valley script has shared roots with the Dravidian languages. When the cities collapsed, the populations dispersed, carrying their culture southward, laying the ancestral foundations for languages still spoken by hundreds of millions in Southern India today, such as Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Kannada.
The Economic Center of Gravity
We often forget that up until the mid-18th century, the economic center of the world was firmly in Asia. In the 1740s, India alone accounted for over 20% of the world's GDP, and China held around 25%. The largest and most prosperous cities were not in England or the US, but in the East.
Look at naval history: fifty years before Christopher Columbus famously sailed to the Americas in 1492, the Chinese Ming Dynasty admiral Zheng He was commanding massive "treasure fleets." These ships were technological marvels, vastly larger than Columbus’s Santa Maria, and they navigated across the Indian Ocean to Africa and the Middle East. Yet, in a historic pivot, China decided the outside world had nothing to offer, turned inward, and dismantled its great fleets.
Trickery, Betrayal, and the Turning Point
The colonization of India and the subsequent fall of China were not inevitabilities of Western superiority, but rather a mix of internal division, trickery, and historical bad luck.
India's fate changed drastically at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The British East India Company was no match for the massive army of the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah. But the British didn't win through military might; they won through bribery. Robert Clive paid off the Nawab's commander, Mir Jafar, who stood by with the majority of the troops and refused to fight. That single act of treason gave the British a foothold that would eventually swallow the entire subcontinent.
The economic extraction that followed was devastating. Over 200 years of British rule, India’s share of the global GDP was juiced down from over 20% to just 4%—a point famously argued by Dr. Shashi Tharoor at the Oxford Union. The wealth drained from India financed the British Industrial Revolution. The British then used Indian-grown opium to pry open Chinese markets, leading to the Opium Wars in the 1840s. The British Navy decimated Canton Bay, plunging China into its "Century of Humiliation" and occupation by foreign powers.
Knowing Our Story
To acknowledge this history is not to diminish the profound advancements of the Western Scientific Revolution or the American system. Historian Niall Ferguson correctly identifies the "6 killer apps" (competition, science, property rights, medicine, consumer society, and work ethic) that propelled the West to global dominance over the last 300 years.
But acknowledging Western achievements shouldn't mean erasing the millennia of Eastern brilliance that came before it. We must know our own history. If we don't, we allow others to teach us a version of history designed to make them look like the perpetual heroes. Every person of Eastern heritage should know the vast, rich, and pioneering history of their ancestors. There is so much to be proud of, and as I dig deeper, I realize there is always so much more to learn.
More to Read for Curious Readers
The Research & Factual Grounding
Genetic Connections (M130/AASI): The M130 mutation is a vital genetic marker tracing the first coastal migration of humans out of Africa around 70,000 years ago. Studies on isolated populations in Tamil Nadu carrying the M130 gene suggest that South India was a crucial waypoint, making these ancient ancestral populations the genetic predecessors to the rest of the non-African world.
Baudhayana and the "Pythagorean" Theorem: Long before Pythagoras was born, the Indian Vedic scholar and architect Baudhayana (around 800 BCE) composed the Sulbasutras. Intended as a guide for constructing geometrically precise fire altars, the text explicitly details the mathematical relationship between the sides and the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle.
Climate Collapse of the Indus Valley: Recent advanced paleoclimate studies (including those published in Nature Communications Earth & Environment) support the ecological collapse theory. Research shows that between 4,450 and 3,400 years ago, the region suffered successive, prolonged drought episodes (some lasting over 85 years).
Dr. Sanjeev Gupta's Research: Dr. Gupta at Imperial College London led research showing that the major paleochannel adjacent to many Indus settlements had actually lost its glacial water source before the settlements peaked. The cities relied almost entirely on monsoon-fed seasonal rivers, making them incredibly vulnerable to the eventual climate shift.
Shashi Tharoor's Oxford Debate: In his viral 2015 speech at the Oxford Union, Dr. Shashi Tharoor cited historical economic data, noting that India's share of the world economy was 23% at the start of the 18th century and dropped to under 4% by the time the British left.
Zheng He vs. Columbus: Admiral Zheng He led seven epic voyages between 1405 and 1433. Historical records suggest his Baochuan (treasure ships) were roughly 400 feet long—several times larger than Columbus’s flagship, the Santa Maria, which was only about 60 to 70 feet long.
Michael Wood's Long Tryst with India & History
Michael Wood's storytelling is so infectious because it is rooted in a lifelong passion for history, born long before he became a famous broadcaster. He has produced over 120 documentaries, bringing ancient history to life with an unmatched combination of scholarly rigor and infectious on-camera enthusiasm.
Interestingly, Wood’s deep connection to the subcontinent is woven into his personal and professional life. His independent production company is named Maya Vision International. The name "Maya" wasn't chosen randomly; it was selected in honor of the Bengali heritage of one of the company's founders. His personal love for India extends to his family as well—his two daughters, Jyoti and Mina, both have Indian names.
If watching The Story of India sparks your curiosity, his other documentaries are absolute must-watches. They are masterclasses in exploring history not just through ruins, but through the living cultures that inherited them:
Great Railway Journeys: The Deccan Railroad (1980) : This is where Wood’s on-screen romance with India began. Filmed when he was just 32, this personal travelogue captures him riding across the vast Deccan Plateau, offering deep reflections on his youth and his enduring relationship with the country.Legacy: A Search for the Origins of Civilisation (1992) : Before his dedicated deep dives into specific countries, this phenomenal series saw Wood traveling the globe to explore the roots of human society, with his visits to India and China standing out as brilliant historical analyses.In the Footsteps of Alexander the Great (1998) : An epic, gritty documentary where Wood literally retraces Alexander’s legendary 20,000-mile march from Greece to the borders of India, often crossing harsh terrains and active war zones in the Middle East.Conquistadors (2000) : A gripping four-part series where Wood journeys through the Amazon, the Andes, and Central America, tracing the devastating 16th-century Spanish conquest of the New World.The Story of England (2010) : A groundbreaking hyper-local approach to history. Instead of sweeping across the country, Wood tells the entire 1,000-year history of England through the lens of a single, ordinary village (Kibworth in Leicestershire), digging into the soil and the local DNA to show how everyday people survived the Black Death, civil wars, and the Industrial Revolution.The Story of China (2016) : A masterful epic exploring the history of the world's oldest continuous state. Much like his India series, Wood travels from the Silk Road to the Yellow Sea, decoding the ideas and philosophies that forged modern China.
